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Strength of Elements Under Tensile Effect
If axial tensile elements are used together with bolted joints, yield stress will be reached earlier in the areas where bolt holes are located. This situation will affect the strength calculations computations made by using the load-displacement curve and assuming linear elastic.
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In bolted and welded joints of tensile members, because of the uneven distribution of load, the cross-sectional area operating in load transfer is not equal to the entire cross-section area, as a result of the uneven distribution of the load.
Since the L and U sections are used especially in the crosses braces and are not connected with bolts or welding, a certain region that is called as the effective area works in load transfer works. Due to this phenomenon called as 'Shear Lag' effect, the effective net area is used in the design of pulling elementstensile members.
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3 different areas are used in the strength calculation in tensile members:
Lossless Gross Area (AgAg)
Net Area (MomentAnet)
Effective Net Area (AeAe)
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Design with ÇYTHYE 2018
There are 3 different collapse failure conditions in the elements members affected by the tensile force: Flow Yielding Limit State, Breaking Rupture Limit State and Block Breaking Shear Limit State
The design tensile strength is taken as the minimum strength to be calculated according to the yield limit state, fracture rupture limit state and block break shear limit state of the element member under axial tensile force. Block breaking shear limit situation used in end joints connections of tensile members is given in ÇYTHYE 2018 Section 13.4.3. Block break limit state is an additional check for joinsconnections.
Pull element Tensile member slenderness should be controlled. In accordance with article 7.1.1 of the regulation, the slender slenderness ratio should be less than 300.
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Yielding Limit State
The characteristic tensile strength Tn for the yield yielding limit state in tensile members is calculated by equation 7.2 using the gross cross-section area without loss T n .
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Rupture Limit State
The characteristic tensile strength , Tn , for the fracture yielding limit state in tensile members is calculated by equation 7.3 using the effective net cross-sectional section area.
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Block Break Boundary Status
The characteristic block breaking shear strength is calculated by equation 13.19, based on the yield and fracture rupture limit states along the Rn Rn shear surface or surfaces and the tensile rupture limit states state along the vertical tensile surface.
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IconsSymbols
Ag: Cross-section Gross area without loss
Ae: Effective net cross-sectional area
An: Net cross-section area
Agv: Area without loss under shear stress Gross shear area
Anv : Net shear area under shear stress
Ant: Net tensile area under tensile stress
Fy: Structural steel characteristic Specified yield stress of the type of steel being used, ksi (MPa)
Fu: Structural steel characteristic tensile strength Specified ultimate stress of the type of steel being used, ksi (MPa)
K: Twisting length coefficient
L: Element length between supported points
i: Radius of inertiagyration
U: Stress irregularity effect Non-uniform stress distribution coefficient
Ubs: A coefficient considering the spread distribution of tensile stresses
Tn: Design tensile strength