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Notation

Ne,d= the design buekljng resistance of the compression member
Npl,Rd = the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
Nu,Rd = imperfection factor
A = the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode
Anet= the in-plane non-dimensional slenderness
fy= yield strength
fu = cross-section area

...

If axial tensile elements are used together with bolted connections, the yield stress will be reached earlier in the areas where the bolt holes are located. This situation will affect the strength calculations made with the linear elastic assumption by using the load-displacement curve.

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Tension element are designed according to Eq. 6.5.

Mathinline
body--uriencoded--$$ \normalsize \frac%7BN_E_d %7D%7BN_t_,_R_d%7D≤1.0 $$

Design strength of axial tensile elements are used together with bolted connections is determined according to the smallest of Eq. 6.6, and 6.7.

  • Plastic resistance of the gross-section

Mathinline
body--uriencoded--$$ \normalsize N_p_l,_R_d =\frac%7BAf_y %7D%7Bγ_m_0%7D$$

  • Ultimate resistance of the net cross-section

Mathinline
body--uriencoded--$$ \normalsize N_u,_R_d =\frac%7B0.9A_n_e_tf_u %7D%7Bγ_m_2%7D$$