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The

reduced

design internal forces corresponding to the non-ductile behavior are automatically increased by the overstrength factor Ω_o selected from Table 12.2-1.

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In structural systems with high ductility

level

, the internal forces increased by the Overstrength factor Ω_o coefficient cannot be taken higher than

the internal forces

those compatible with the yield state defined based on the principle of capacity design.

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Structural system selection, Response modification coefficient R, Deflection amplification factor Cd and Overstrength factor Ωo are defined by the user.

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Symbols

Ω_o = Overstrength factor

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Some elements of properly detailed structures are not capable of safely resisting ground-shaking demands through inelastic behavior. To ensure safety, these These elements must be designed with sufficient strength to remain elastic. The load effect is approximated by the use of an overstrength factor, Ω₀Ω0, which approximates the inherent overstrength in typical structures based on the structure’s seismic force-resisting systems.

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For example, in a reinforced concrete column, the shear forces caused by earthquake effects are obtained by multiply multiplying with the overstrength factor, Ω_oΩo. Since the shear force shows brittle collapse behavior, internal forces caused by earthquake effects must be multiplied by the overstrength factor, Ωo, according to 12.4.3.

Structural System Type	Response Modification Coefficient,

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R	Overstrengh Factor, Ω_o	Deflection Amplification Factor, C_d	Structural System Limitations Including Structural Height, h_n (ft) Limits
			Seismic Design Category
			B	C	D	E	F
A. Bearing Wall Systems
A1 - Special reinforced concrete shear walls	5	2^1/2	5	NL	NL	160	160	100
A2 - Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls	4	2^1/2	4	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
A3 - Detailed plain concrete shear walls	2	2^1/2	2	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
A4 - Ordinary plain concrete shear walls	1^1/2	2^1/2	1^1/2	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
B. Building Frame Systems
B1 - Steel eccentrically braced frames	8	2	4	NL	NL	160	160	100
B2 - Steel special concentrically braced frames	6	2	5	NL	NL	160	160	100
B3 - Steel ordinary concentrically braced frames	3^1/4	2	3^1/4	NL	NL	35	35	NP
B4 - Special reinforced concrete shear walls	6	2^1/2	5	NL	NL	160	160	100
B5 - Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls	5	2^1/2	4^1/2	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
B6 - Detailed plain concrete shear walls	2	2^1/2	2	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
B7 - Ordinary plain concrete shear walls	1^1/2	2^1/2	1^1/2	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
C1 - Steel special moment frames	8	3	5^1/2	NL	NL	NL	NL	NL
C2 - Steel special truss moment frames	7	3	5^1/2	NL	NL	160	100	NP
C3 - Steel intermediate moment frames	4^1/2	3	4	NL	NL	35	NP	NP
C4 - Steel ordinary moment frames	3^1/2	3	3	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
C5 - Special reinforced concrete moment frames	8	3	5^1/2	NL	NL	NL	NL	NL
C6 - Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames	5	3	4^1/2	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
C7 - Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames	3	3	2^1/2	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
D. Dual Systems with Special Moment Frames Capable of Resisting at Least 25% of Prescribed Seismic Foces
D1 - Steel eccentrically braced frames	8	2^1/2	4	NL	NL	NL	NL	NL
D2 - Steel special concentrically braced frames	7	2^1/2	5^1/2	NL	NL	NL	NL	NL
D3 - Special reinforced concrete shear walls	7	2^1/2	5^1/2	NL	NL	NL	NL	NL
D4 - Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls	6	2^1/2	5	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
E. Dual Systems with Intermediate Moment Frames Capable of Resisting at Least 25% of Prescribed Seismic Foces
E1 - Steel special concentrically braced frames	6	2^1/2	5	NL	NL	35	NP	NP
E2 - Special reinforced concrete shear walls	6^1/2	2^1/2	5	NL	NL	160	100	100
E8 - Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls	5^1/2	2^1/2	4^1/2	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP
F. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System with Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames And Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
F1 - Shear wall-frame interactive system	4^1/2	2^1/2	4	NL	NP	NP	NP	NP
G. Cantilevered Column Systems Detailed to Conform to the Requirement for
G1 - Steel special cantilever column systems	2^1/2	1^1/4	2^1/2	35	35	35	35	35
G2 - Steel ordinary cantilever column systems	1^1/4	1^1/4	1^1/4	35	35	NP	NP	NP
G3 - Special reinforced concrete moment frames	2^1/2	1^1/4	2^1/2	35	35	35	35	35
G4 - Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames	1^1/2	1^1/4	1^1/2	35	35	NP	NP	NP
G5 - Ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames	1	1^1/4	1	35	NP	NP	NP	NP
H. Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance, Excluding Cantilever Column Systems
H - Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance	3	3	3	NL	NL	NP	NP	NP

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