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Symbols

l_d = development length in tension of deformed bar, deformed wire, plain and deformed welded wire reinforcement, or pretensioned strand, in.
d = distance from extreme fiber to centroidof longitudinal tension reinforcement, in.
λ = modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete relative to normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength
d_b = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, in
f^'_c = specified comprehensive strength of concrete, psi
f_yt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, psi

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Except for torsion or integrity reinforcement, closed stirrups can be made using pairs of U-stirrups spliced to form a closed unit with lap lengths of at least 1.3l_d.

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