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Ncr : the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode
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Torsional Buckling Limit State
Buckling occurs when the element rotates around its longitudinal axis. The limit state of torsional buckling is applicable to axially loaded columns with doubly symmetric open sections with very slender cross-sectional elements consisting of 4 corners placed back to back.
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Flexural-Torsional Buckling Limit State
The buckling deformations consist of a combination of twisting and bending about two flexural axes of the member.
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