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In steel element design, the design ratio under the combined axial force and biaxial bending (PMM ratio) is made by the ÇYTHYE CYTHYE 2016 (GKT & YDKT), AISC 360-16 (ASD & LRFD) or EN 1993-1-1. According to AISC 360-16, axial force and biaxial bending interaction equations are calculated below.
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