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ld = development length in tension of deformed bar, deformed wire, plain and deformed welded wire reinforcement, or pretensioned strand, in.
d = distance from extreme fiber to centroidof longitudinal tension reinforcement, in.
λ = modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete relative to normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength
db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, in
f'c = specified comprehensive strength of concrete, psi
fyt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, psi
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